An Essay on talk show as a part of the public sphere Essays

An Essay on talk show as a part of the public sphere Essays An Essay on talk show as a part of the public sphere Essay An Essay on talk show as a part of the public sphere Essay Essay Topic: Public Speaking Talk Has the holy book not lament that the people will not believe except the gospel is preached to them? Has it not also said that people perish for lack of knowledge? Talk show should be classified as a part of public sphere and in discussing this one should note that there is hardly any piece of work which relates to talk show as a public sphere that does not lay emphasis on Habermass theory. Habermas said that the media shows blurring activities in the public sphere: as it is being trivialized with unimportant news, activities rather than serious political issues. This was disputed by others who thought that even though talk shows did not meet Habermass criteria, it still contributes meaningfully to the public sphere through means of active public participation. In this essay Habermas would be a central figure in the discussion and also other theorist whose academic literature discusses on pubic sphere would be considered. There would be vast discussion on the dimensions that make up the public sphere other academic and popular literature would be used, history, benefits of talk show, analysis of a talk show amongst others would also be discussed. Tyra banks show and Oprah Winfrey show would be used as yard sticks to measure Habermas theory of rational critical public sphere. What then is talk show and what is public sphere. First let us examine talk show. Talk show A talk show is a television or radio program were one person or group of people come together to discuss topics put forth by a talk show host. Some times, talk shows feature a panel of guests, usually consisting of a group of people who are learned or have great experience in relation to whatever issue is being discussed. (Wikipedia). It can be said to a forum where certain individuals are called upon by an initiator to deliberate over issue(s). The oxford advance learners dictionary defines talk show as a television or radio program in which a presenter introduces a particular topic which is then discuss by the audience. The Museum of Broadcast Communication sees talk show as any unscripted conversation directed to the audience. Talk show is therefore a show organized principally around talk. Certain points are common in all these definitions the fact that talk show involves people, talking, audience, media, issues and host. Usually, talk show features a panel of guests consisting of people who are learned, relevant and experienced in relation to the topic on the show for that episode, at other times, a single guest is asked to discuss his work or area of expertise with the host. For instance, a gynecologist may be asked to speak on the issue of pregnancy and other related issues on the female human being or a lawyer having to speak on the issue of human rights. Talk show can be regarded as a part of journalism which has evolved in a popular direction as its tentacles are spread across the different issues of societal concerns ranging from public affairs(politics) to entertainment Forms of Talk Show There are several types of talk shows. Some are outlandish like the defunct the Graham Newton Effect while others are traditional like the Late Night Show with David Letterman but the common ones now is the informal guest host format in which the host welcomes celebrities or other talk worthy individuals in an informal discussion like Kakaki Africa shown daily on AIT. The second most common form of talk show is the Public Affair in which a host(s) interviews people in the news, shows of this format are Good Morning America or Meet the People and Peoples Parliament shown daily on AIT. Others are issue oriented talk shows like Oprah Winfrey, Jerry Springer, Ricki Lake, Maury, Tyra Banks, Rachael Ray shows and many others. Public Sphere First and foremost when we use the word publics it is people who are not in the same families, communities, and clubs; people who are not the same as each other. As such, they are central to the functioning of modern societies. The term public sphere is a metaphor that we use to think about the way that information and ideas circulate in larger societies, it is used in everyday to describe information when it is made generally available to the public. When referring to the term it could also be seen as a forum or arena or aspect of political life where people come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems and through these discussions political decision may or may not be influenced. Political sphere is a contrast to personal, domestic, individual or private issues; it bothers on any issue that occupies public space and interest. Public sphere is therefore formed around the dialogue surrounding issues rather than the identity of the population engaging in the discourse . Though public sphere is ignored in dictionaries, it is at the centre of any democratic society, it is therefore a discursive arena in which the talking populace converges to discuss matters of public interest and where possible reach a common judgment. The public sphere is seen as a theatre in modern society in which political participation is enacted through talking, a place where public opinion is formed; a bridge between the ruled and the rulers. Through the vehicle of opinion, public sphere puts the State in touch with the needs and aspirations of the society creating impression that the populace has a voice in the affair of the country. How did talk show in public sphere begin? What is known as talk show in public sphere today can be traced back to history to the time when men began to exist having to deliberate on issues affecting their common interest. The term talk show was a relatively late invention coming into the media in the mid 1960s. Before then some spontaneous talks was common in broadcasting for instance, all radio program from 1927 1956 talk show of one kind or another made up 40 60% of the day time schedule comprising general variety, human participation and human interest. From 1973 1974, networking television filled over half of its day time program hours and 15 -20% of its evening schedule with talk shows of assorted types. By the summer of 1993, the television page of USA today had listed seventeen (17) talk shows and from 1948 1993, over two hundred talk shows had appear on the air. Talk shows as a part of public sphere has indeed pass through a lot of circles, to get to the present stage. The first circle starting from 1948 1952 and feature hosts like Authur Godfrey, Dare Garroway, and Edward B. Murrow. These were the pioneers of talk shows in public sphere. The second circle covers the period from 1952 1972 and features great hosts like Johnny Carson, Barbara Walters and Mike Wallace among others. These persons were linked to programs that became an established profit centre for their networks. The third circle was from 1970 1980. This was a boom period, a time that saw the birth of new technologies of production and cheaper television studio, new methods of distribution via satellite and cable transmission and regulatory decisions. Chief among the host of this period was Phil Donahue. The fourth and last circle commonly referred to a post network era 1980 till date. Donahues success was emulated by others, the most notable being Oprah Winfrey whose popularity in talk show business has make her the most financially successful talk show host in TV. Others are Racheal Ray and Ricki Lake whose popular chips include issues on international conflict such as homosexuality and bisexuality. Taking us to the foreign scene, let us speak about how talk show began and evolved in Nigeria. Talk show as a part of public sphere in Nigeria can be dated back to the beginning of mass media. A major breakthrough of talk show in public sphere began in April 2000 with the birth of New Dawn with nearly one thousand shows. Top among the hosts of this period was Funmi Iyanda. Today, it is on record that Bunmis television talk show grew to become a strong voice of the people, a beckon of hope and a brand with integrity. Bunmis show came to limelight when she featured an eight year old Senu Gonoda who suffered from a congenital hole in the heart the effect of the show on the society was indeed overwhelming. People who are considered as the marginalized voice have used talk show as a means to reach out to high power (the government) to air their own opinion which in turn positively influenced the decision about the issue of concern. Talk show can thus be seen as a part of the public spher e because the media here has been used as a means of resolving an issue which was a problem of the society Are talk shows a part of the public sphere? In the work of a German philosopher Jurgen Habermas (who is a central figure in this discussion) in his theory of public sphere (1964/1989) he conceptualizes the public sphere as that realm of social life where the exchange of information and views of questions of common concern can take place so that public opinion can be formed. The public sphere takes place when citizens exercising the rights of assembly association gather as public bodies to discuss issues of the day specifically those of political concern. Yet his concepts of public sphere insists on the analytic centrality of reasoned, critical discourse, it exists in the active reasoning of the public and it is in such discourse that public opinion is generated which in turn shapes the policies of the state and the development of society as a whole. Public sphere is not of course a sphere; it is a metaphorical term that is used to describe the virtual space where people can interact (Hartley, 1992: pp1). A place where peoples conversations, ideas and minds meet- that is public space (Robbins, 1993: xvi). It is the place where information, ideas and debate circulate in society and where political opinion can be formed (Dahlgren, 1995: ix). Speaking in terms of interaction, there are three areas of analytic concern within the interaction dimension of the public sphere: discursive, spatial and communal. The discursive has to do with the nature of the talk which circulates, is the talk political, social and therapeutic? In the discussion of a particular topic there has to be unity and coherence in the questions, views and suggestion; spatial refers to the sites and settings of the social interaction. Where do people meet? What factors foster of hinder their interaction in these spaces? The spatial is seldom separable form the discursive, both together serve to define contexts and occasions, for example, an emotional type of talk the atmosphere would be conducive enough, the people would be comfortably sited; the communal aspect has to do with the nature of the social bonds between citizens, there has to be oneness amongst the people, that is having similar opinions on a particular issue, people talk to each other and thus give each other a sense of how there are thinking. Thus, the term public sphere, there must be interaction to permit and foster the processes of sense-making. The talk show clearly fits into the description mentioned above; as interaction is the key element, the site or the show is clearly defined and different issues are discussed in the shows. For public sphere theorist there are two dominant models of how such a sphere would operate to serve democratic ends. In Habermas view, the goal to be achieved would be an arena in which every voice was given equal access and all opinion would be heard and deliberated on, in ways that allowed for the development of public opinion. However, following a more Gramascian view how hegemonic norms- which are always unstable, dynamic and contested- develop, work through a process by various groups with varying agendas and view contest for a voice with an always negotiated, multifaceted and contradictory results. There are some major themes which are pertinent in both academic literature and popular saying about the public sphere, these are; that the public sphere is too trivialized- consumers are more interested in unimportant information about celebrity, scandals rather than the more serious issues (public affairs); it is too commercialized- critics thought that through the commercialization of the public sphere, it began to represent public opinion rather than to provide a free forum for the emergence of public opinion and also the media do not care about the material in the public sphere, it focuses more on monetary value; it depends greatly on spectacle instead of ratio argumentation; it is too fragmented- and it has caused people to become apathetic about serious public issues- people no longer care about the important issues. But other critics have said the public sphere been trivialized is not entirely bad as it has paved way for feminist in public debates. Habermass writing provides a vision of the ideal public sphere- a vision that is common both to academic and popular thinking. the public sphere should ideally deal only with serious issues of real importance- only party politics and not celebrity issues, sport or entertainment. It should not be sensational, easily accessible or commercialized. It should refuse to dumb down to consumers and rather demand that they work harder to improve themselves. It should only engage in rational, logical arguments: not emotional or spectacular appeals. And it should be unified and different kinds of culture. Despite the fact that Habermas stressed the standard that cuts out to be public sphere one should not forget the fact that talk shows also contribute immensely to public participation and expression. It has also been conceived that talk show may be considered as a different form of public sphere. According to Livingstone and Lunt (1993), they suggested that talk shows are a candidate for oppositional public sphere, emphasizing the expression of interested point of view that give voice to participants perspectives and aiming at compromise rather than consensus. Habermass bourgeois theory is different for the oppositional public sphere, while Habermass theory centers on rational critical discussion in which in an argument other position should be considered, the oppositional public sphere just aims for negotiation compromise. The oppositional public sphere favors feminist theory and women, the female viewers love the chance to hear the voices of ordinary people speak on everyday life Gerard Hauser proposed a different direction for the public sphere than previous models. He proposed that public spheres were formed around the dialogue surrounding issues, rather than the identity of the population that is engaging in the discourse. Emphasizing the rhetorically of public spheres foregrounds their activity. Rather than arguing for an all inclusive public sphere, or the analysis of tension between public spheres, he suggested that publics were formed by active members of society around issues. They are a group of interested individuals who engage in vernacular discourse about a specific issue. Publics may be repressed, distorted, or responsible, but any evaluation of their actual state requires that we inspect the rhetorical environment as well as the rhetorical act out of which they evolved, for these are the conditions that constitute their individual character. These people formed rhetorical public spheres that were based in discourse, not necessarily orderly discourse but any interactions whereby the interested public engages each other. This interaction can take the form of institutional actors as well as the basic street rhetoric that open[s] a dialogue between competing factions. The spheres themselves formed around the issues that were being deliberated. The discussion itself would reproduce itself across the spectrum of interested publics even though we lack personal acquaintance with all but a few of its participants and are seldom in contexts where we and they directly interact, we join these exchanges because they are discussing the same matters. In order to communicate within the public sphere, those who enter any given arena must share a reference world for their discourse to produce awareness for shared interests and public opinions about them. There are different genre of talk shows which can be divided into different spectrums; Public affairs format, conflict issue oriented (trash talk show) therapeutic format which centers on social problems in personal perspective. Most of the scholarly writings available labels talk show as trash television but it is worthy to note that one mans trash is another mans pot of gold, there is this conjured image of talk show as a place were demented individual with deviant behaviors scream at each other but this is not the case all the time as some have been seen to depict positive effects and enhances public participation which can be termed as public sphere. Studies have shown that talk shows offer potential for public sphering because it is one of the few spaces were ordinary people engage in conversation on television or radio, creates awareness of certain issues that are rarely included in topics of other forms of public sphere. Leurdijk (2000) qualifies talk shows as a postmodern public platform for debate; she concludes that the talk shows offers opportunity for women and men of different background to get their own voices heard, in a framework that allows for more diversity than traditional news media do. In other words, talk shows should be seen not just in the light of it been a public sphere but as a way in which voice is given to those who would not ordinarily be heard (an ordinary citizen is given a microphone an has the opportunity to ask a top government official a question), it gives people the opportunity to express their opinion /views on issue of concern. Talk show are more like a college of opinion, experiences and thru the sharing of individual experiences it allows not only new topics but different styles of talking about them. The restrictions of the bourgeois public sphere as discussed in the work of Habermas (1989) and his critics Calhorn (1992) are alleviated in favor of a more diverse spectrum of topics and styles considered appropriate for public concern and debate. Carpignano et al (1990) privilege the talk show as a new site within the public sphere which embodies strong democratic potentials. Amongst other things, they point to the fact that these programs are geared towards public debate using conversational discursive modes- they establish bonds of familiarity with television audience and the studio audience via its talk; also most times common sense prevails over expertise.

RANDOMNESS

RANDOMNESS Nathan Bransford wrote recently about the randomness of bestsellers. In other words, there isnt some magical power that preordains the qualities of a story that breaks records and defies the odds. Sometimes a perfect storm just comes together. Like the mega waves he describes at sea, the ones that appear from nowhere and make a huge impression in that vast, monstrous water, they just happen and cant be fore casted. http://blog.nathanbransford.com/2012/06/randomness-of-bestsellers.html And yet, we keep trying to understand the process. Whats worse,in my opinion, and this is a BIG gripe with me, is that we also bash traditional publishers for producing books that do not do well. Thats talking out of both sides of our mouths. We try to think we can duplicate bestseller status, and really learn how to define the path to such a level, as if there was a manual somewhere. That logic should also mean that if we can predict great books, then we know enough to avoid a bad one. The deal is, people, is that we can only write our best.Publishers can only attempt to predict what will sell. eaders can only pretend to recognize a debut book as a bestseller. The fact is that nobody has mastered how to make a bestseller. There is no HOW TO WRITE A BESTSELLER FOR DUMMIES. Just spoke to someone this week who justified self-publishing Hes only trying to assuage his own conscience, the one thats attempting to rationalize into a hazy reality that he probably has no chance with traditional publishing. So he says theyve lost touch, can no longer produce quality material, thus leaving him no choice but to proceed with self-publishing since it has equal credibility. This is my reality . . . and my explanation of publishing: The more seasoned, experienced people who lay their eyes and hands on your manuscript, the better the book. Note, I did not say traditional or self-published. Multiple layers of review and decision making goes into traditional publishing. If you self-publish, make sure you put the same degree of attention into your manuscript as a traditional publishing house would put into it. Hire editors. Hire a cover designer. Hire a for matter. That is, unless you are experienced yourself. That doesnt mean read instructions and learn as you go. Sure, you CAN learn as you go, but do not go it alone. Youll never see the landmines, no matter how many blog posts you read about the business. This business isnt about randomness. Its about diligence and focus to detail. Nothing is fool-proof. Failure exists. Less than satisfactory happens. But your odds improve the more experience you put into your books development, writing,and promotion. Instead of trying to orchestrate a bestseller, just write your best. Then recognize what you should and should not do. Be daring in your writing. Be grounded in your publishing, no matter which route you take.

Multiculturalism in Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Multiculturalism in Organisations - Essay Example This interaction has resulted into business as products and services exchange hands and organisations look into crossing borders (Amaram, 2007). Organisations have encountered cultural diversity within global markets and decided to capture the benefits associated with it (Laungani, 2007). People from different cultures, races, ethnicity and nationalities are working in the same organisations thus resulting to multiculturalism. These organisations can be termed as multicultural organisations. In a broader context, a multicultural organisation is one whose mission, services, products and operations manifest the interests and contributions of various ethnic, social and cultural groups. It involves people from diverse cultural groupings as full players in the decision-making process that forms the organisation (Fassinger, 2008). After reading the definition, it seems obvious that multicultural organisations have many aspects so the question asked is, what are the characteristics of these organisations? There are six characteristics of multicultural organisations discussed in this paper. ... An example is Language training, which is crucial when employing foreign nationals as it assists in enhancing communication with other employees (Cox, 2009). Full Structural Integration This ascertains that individuals’ job statuses have no correlation with their ethnic and social group. These organisations ensure that even the minorities are comfortably represented in the organisations’ levels and functions. This aims at providing equal opportunities for all employees to hold offices and positions based on qualifications, skills and abilities. In multicultural organisations, every employee is regarded as a key player in the success of the organisation and their roles are given according to academic qualification, work experience, skills and abilities. Coming from a different cultural background does not hinder an individual from climbing the corporate ladder. It is viewed as an added advantage because the individual brings insight and a different perspective of viewing things (Cox, 2009). This goal can be achieved by evenly distributing education and skill level. Integration in Informal Networks This involves including the minority group members in informal gatherings and networks organised by the organisation. These may include mentoring programmes that are directed to the minorities, support groups and other social events (Amaram, 2007). In preparation for such occasions, it is vital to select suitable locations and activities with all minority groups in mind to help nurture multiculturalism. Such events help the minorities feel as part of the organisation and assist in eliminating barriers, therefore, fostering easy socialisation (Cox, 2009). Absence of Prejudice and

Sir Francis Bacon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sir Francis Bacon - Essay Example Bacon's thoughts on science are closely associated with those of Galileo. A benefit of the early Renaissance was the rediscovery of the writings of those living in antiquity. With the new reading of Galileo, Sir Francis Bacon rejected the form of speculative reasoning that dominated the Middle Ages. Bacon believed that if you wanted to really know about something in nature, you needed to approach your study in a methodical manner, gathering real data that was observable and recordable. He states in his book The Great Insaturation, "There are and can be only two ways of searching into and discovering truth. The one flees from the senses and particulars to the most general axioms [laws]†¦The other derives axioms from the senses and particulars. This is the true way but yet untried. Bacon believed that if you wanted to understand soil or rocks, you would gather many different samples or specimens, study them and then let the facts of your study form new ideas about the natural worl d. Bacon melded his ideas with those of Galileo, formalizing them into a general theory of inductive reasoning that became known as empiricism (McKay 1992). Empiricism is the backbone of the scientific method utilized by students and scientists universally in modern times. Sir Francis Bacon believed that this new approach to knowing and understanding the natural world would radically change societies. He believed firmly that this new knowledge would give humans greater control over the natural elements .

Critique of Klemperers Auction Design Essay Example for Free

Critique of Klemperers Auction Design Essay What Really Matters in Auction Design, Paul Klemperer, Journal of Economic Perspective Volume 16, Number 1 Winter 2002, pp. 169-189 I really like this article because I agree with most of what it says. Auctions, in recent times, have become very popular and I dont need to interview anyone about this, I just need to examine myself to find out. Over the past few years, to be brutally honest, I have been absolutely addicted to eBay. com, an online shopping site made famous by the way in operates. Not only are all transactions made online, which is very convenient, but the way things are sold is what makes the shopping experience at eBay so unique, and fun. As the article mentions, auctions (like eBay) can be potentially good for both buyers and sellers. An auction can involve many buyers, for instance the auction of a house, whereas in the olden days, a negotiation over a house was usually between two people (bilateral negotiation) today there can be many sellers all competing for the same prize. This is good for the seller because now there is much more competition for the prize, therefore the seller will think hes getting the highest price for the same item. I think this is true because as human psychology goes, humans (generally speaking), tend to handle things better if they come in small increments, using the purchase of a house as an example, one would be somewhat overwhelmed at seeing a price tag of $1,000,000 for a house. However, instead of selling a house straight off a price-tag, if the auction method was taken, bidding might start at say $200,000, which sounds incredibly cheap. After that, the auction could rise in very small increments, say $3,000, which wouldnt be very over-whelming for the human mind to take in. And with this method, it is much easier to convince the human mind to believe that the house is worth $1,000,000, or more! However, as the article mentions, one should not be over-excited at the prospect of auctioning everything. Like most things, auctions can have their pit-falls. A major pitfall is bidder collusion. This is where buyers, or bidders, group together to cooperate with one another. This is a serious problem because this is regarded as anti-competitive behaviour which is a serious crime against the law. Sometimes, the ending winning price will be lower than what the seller had paid for it in the first place, making it an unprofitable auction. This could happen when for example, there are 10 Nike shoes for sale, and 10 bidders interested in Nike shoes. Collusion takes place when the 10 sly bidders come together and cooperate with each other so that each will go home with a pair of shoes at the lowest possible price, often the starting price of the auction, which often is very low. This is detrimental to the profits the seller was hoping to make because essentially, there is not enough competition, and it is very hard to prove in court that the bidders were colluding. I think this rarely on eBay, it hasnt happened to my knowledge, this could be because eBay has the power to monitor conversations between online members and any anti-competitive behaviour is detected and the members guilty will get into trouble, possibly kicked out and disallowed from using eBay again. A possible solution to this, as the article mentions is the tactic of hiding certain bits of information from the bidders. The use of the sealed-bid auction can be used so that bidders dont know what the current price/bid is and therefore they wont know what price they can and should collude at, because anyone can secretly enter a bid slightly higher than the collusion agreed price and walk away for more goods than everybody else. This is bad for that one person who deviated from the collusion and won everything if the other members find out it was him. However, another way to protect this competitive buyer is to make the winner anonymous. So now this seems like the perfect auction design, sealed bid auction, anonymous winner, but this design still has its pitfalls. Imagine you were the winner of the Nike shoes by sealed bid auction and you are anonymous, you paid $200 for them. However, later you find out that the runner-up bidder (the person with the second highest bid) only bided $50. It turns out that you bid and paid $150 more than you had to, this would be very humiliating and embarrassing for you. This can be a major problem I would imagine, however eBay has sort of managed to sort a similar problem out, you put the maximum your are willing to bid, if you win, you only have to pay $1 more than the runner up, that way you are the one willing to pay the most, yet you pay the least possible given the other competitors, this way, everyone stays happy. I think this is a really smart way to do it because not only can you almost assure yourself of winning, given youve got lots of money, but it means that youll pay as little as possible for the goods. The only other problem possible with this method is that the runner-up may become jealous of you and may bid up the price, these are called phoney bids, just so that youll have to pay more money, however, this is not often a problem because it is very risky for the runner-up to do this because he may over-take you in the bidding and end up having to pay the high-price. Which I would say serves him right for being so jealous and childish. If the runner-up wants the good so bad and is so jealous, let him have it but make him pay a high price. This brings me to the next thing which this article clearly points out, beware the Winners Curse. It is extremely easy to over-bid in any auctions because of the fact that bidders tend to think in terms of small increments and not big numbers (as pointed out above), therefore it is very easy for bidders to bid too much, win the good, and end up paying more than the goods actual value. In some instances, bidders are paying more for Nike shoes at auctions, when they could buy the same pair of shoes at a retail shop like say, Rebel Sports. This is called the winners curse, this can be avoided by getting as much information about the product/good as possible before bidding on the shoes. This I know has happened to me on numerous occasions on eBay. com. au, mainly because I wanted the product and I also felt proud about the fact that I beat everybody else at the auction, little did I know how much my confidence would plummet when I found out that I paid too much for the same pair of shoes! But, as Klemperer points out, hiding information about the product is not always at the sellers best interest. This point should be quite self-explanatory because, why would bidders bid aggressively if they dont know much about the item they are bidding on? This was also a lesson learnt the hard way for me, these days if Im bidding on something, I want to read that the item Im bidding is real/authentic and not a fake and that way if the item they give me is a fake, I can get a refund. If the seller wishes to encourage aggressive bidding, he/she has to provide useful and honest information for the bidders otherwise aggressive bidding is nothing but a dream. Another problem that can be faced by auctioneers is as Klemperer labels it Entry Deterrence and Predation, this is not a problem on eBay because all bidders bid at their own pace. However, in the case of an auction for say a house where bidders stand in a crowd with one another, really aggressive bidders tend to scare everyone away. On eBay where you can make small incremental bids as low as 20i at a time at anytime (provided the auction has not ended), with house auctions really aggressive bidders can bid huge increments which tends to scare off everybody else and so that person dominates the auction and has an advantage. This predatory action can be avoided by allowing the auction price to only rise by little increments at one time, this is sometimes seen where the auctioneers job is to offer the crowd a winning price from which the bidders only need to raise their hand to signal that they accept the price offered, this in turn removes a lot of the predatory actions of a few. There are many other interesting points made by Klemperer, he really is a scientist when it comes to auction analysis and I really admire the work he has done. So for you future bidders, watch out the winners curse and find out plenty of information about the thing you are bidding on, and dont get over-excited, this is very dangerous. Other than that, I look forward to reading more of Klemperers articles.

Child Abuse and Recovered Memories :: Child Abuse and Traumatic Amnesia

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the past there was a vast gray area between the time and the substance of an alleged childhood sexual abuse and the subsequent recollection of that abuse. With the intense focus by psychiatric community and the criminal justice system to ascertain the truth, the grey lines are becoming more black and white. With the reliance more on scientific methodology and better methods of achieving memory recall there is less reason for jurors to question whether abuse occurred or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Traumatic amnesia is a documented, verifiable syndrome. The numerous studies that have been seen made , some concurrent with the sexual abuse, others come from memory recall of the abused are statistically reliable and evidentiary of the facts. Sexual abuse creates trauma that is impossible to duplicate in a laboratory setting because the emotional responses that are experienced by the abused are far more complex than anything that can be stimulated artificially. Our better understanding of memory and how it works is really new paradigms for differentiating traumatic ,memory recall from false memory (implanted ideas that are subsequently â€Å"recalled.†In the article by Ann Cossins (recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse- fact or fantasy?), Cossins builds an excellent foundation for the acceptance of memory recall to validate the existence of abuse while rejecting the proponents of FMS, as potentially unscientific and basing their â€Å"truths† to be the subjective judgements of the accused. To adhere to a belief that recalled memory of sexual abuse is not reliable. We know empirically that this is not true. To return to our question of the reliability of recovered memory from childhood, I would have to conclude that the recovered memory is reliable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The recent cases in our criminal justice system dealing with the abuse by Catholic priests of young boys have been successfully prosecuted because of our belief as a society that if it walks like a duck , talks like a duck, the chances are, it’s a duck. In the past, such abuse might never have come to light because of our predisposition to believe that a priest was not capable of such behavior. Child Abuse and Recovered Memories :: Child Abuse and Traumatic Amnesia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the past there was a vast gray area between the time and the substance of an alleged childhood sexual abuse and the subsequent recollection of that abuse. With the intense focus by psychiatric community and the criminal justice system to ascertain the truth, the grey lines are becoming more black and white. With the reliance more on scientific methodology and better methods of achieving memory recall there is less reason for jurors to question whether abuse occurred or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Traumatic amnesia is a documented, verifiable syndrome. The numerous studies that have been seen made , some concurrent with the sexual abuse, others come from memory recall of the abused are statistically reliable and evidentiary of the facts. Sexual abuse creates trauma that is impossible to duplicate in a laboratory setting because the emotional responses that are experienced by the abused are far more complex than anything that can be stimulated artificially. Our better understanding of memory and how it works is really new paradigms for differentiating traumatic ,memory recall from false memory (implanted ideas that are subsequently â€Å"recalled.†In the article by Ann Cossins (recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse- fact or fantasy?), Cossins builds an excellent foundation for the acceptance of memory recall to validate the existence of abuse while rejecting the proponents of FMS, as potentially unscientific and basing their â€Å"truths† to be the subjective judgements of the accused. To adhere to a belief that recalled memory of sexual abuse is not reliable. We know empirically that this is not true. To return to our question of the reliability of recovered memory from childhood, I would have to conclude that the recovered memory is reliable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The recent cases in our criminal justice system dealing with the abuse by Catholic priests of young boys have been successfully prosecuted because of our belief as a society that if it walks like a duck , talks like a duck, the chances are, it’s a duck. In the past, such abuse might never have come to light because of our predisposition to believe that a priest was not capable of such behavior.

Legislations health and social care Essay

Health and safety: It’s important for everyone to be in a safe environment so they can do daily tasks without feeling scared and uncomfortable of something will happen to them for certain so that’s why in every health care setting the health and safety at work act 1974 has been introduced so they can safe guard vulnerable patients in their care. Providers in health care settings need to provide some of the following services to ensure that the service users and the employees themselves are safe when working for example: They need to provide and maintain safety when using equipment’s Provide a safe place of employment Ensure equipment is used safely, stored and delivered from one place to another. Provide a safe place to feel safe and welcomed at all times Look after the health and safety of others. Food standard regulation: The food standard regulation is one of the most important legislation in a health care setting because most hospitals, care homes, schools etc all serve food and it needs to be in a good standard for the service users to eat it without becoming violently ill for example poor hygiene can result to abnormality of different foods compared to the others which can make the person ill. For the service uses to eat without becoming ill this legislations helps guide the workers to do some of the following The controls include: Premises are clean and in a good state of repair Good drainage, lighting and ventilation Sufficient waste disposal facilities Toilet facilities for staff Equipment is in good condition and kept clean Also another guideline they should follow would be the temperature of the food needs to be monitored in order for the food to be served without any  complications and here is the temperature guideline for the foods being stored in specific places: It is an offence to allow food to be kept at temperatures that would cause a risk to health, so you must make sure foods that need temperature control are kept at the right temperature. Foods that need to be kept hot should be kept at 63 °C or above Foods that need to be kept cold should be kept at 8 °C or below (preferably at 5 °C or below) Foods that need to be kept frozen should be kept between -18 °C to -24 °C Manual handling regulations Manual handling regulations is a legislation that was introduced in 1992 for the safety of the people who handle equipment for example people who work in an industry will carry equipment’s and for that reason this legislation was introduced so the people can handle equipment safely without injuring themselves. It was found by a survey that 3 out of 5 people suffered a common injury known as musculoskeletal injury which caused many people to hurt themselves badly and some still haven’t recovered from it. This legislation avoids people lifting something that their body is unable to do, also avoids hazardous manual handling. This is what the employees follow: Use equipment safely according to instructions and training, immediately reporting any defects to their line manager/supervisors. Check each item of manual handling equipment is in safe working order before use

Effective Career Management and Planning Essay

For individuals career management is one of the important tasks which should be arranged in order for theme to be employable, and successful in their work and life. This essay introduces terms career management, career planning and explain how these two tasks are linked together. Subsequently it also explain how to effectively manage careers. Lastly conclusion and explanation will be given on who is responsible for managing careers, as well as who should plan individuals career to improve effectiveness. There is many ways to describe career management. As it is described by American Management Association it is a cycle of events that enables individuals and companies to achieve their goals (HR Focus 1999). Good management of careers would preferably put employees in most profitable and competitive situation for the businesses, at the same time employees are required to understand what skills will help them to improve and develop in order to achieve rewards from work and personal life. There are two different career managements: organizational and individual (De Vos, A et. all 2008). Organizational career management is set to improve workers effectiveness, this is achieved by findings what workers want and helping them in achieving the goals, at the same time selecting the employees who deserve opportunities the most, in order to motivate them. Individual career management is effort which individual puts to improve career aspiration, it is also very important that employees, while satisfying their personal goals, also satisfy the goals of the organisation. In changing economy of 21st century, people are not able to remain in only one job for the duration of their life. As Handy (1976) said traditional careers are not compatible with new organisation structures. It is also proven by Guest and Mackenzie (2006) that the number of the opportunities of work promotion decreased which would make it more difficult for the employees to move up the ladder in their organisation (Newell 2000). Due to the changes in the organisations, and the fact that employees are not able to work for one employer for the duration of their career, puts more responsibilities for managing careers on the employees themselves in order to achieve their life ambitions. Career management in today’s world requires people to learn continuously for the duration of their career due to increasing amount of technology being used in day to day work. To be competitive in the work, employees have to be current with new technologies and skills, which will increase their employability. Another very important skills employees have to develop are relationships with colleagues and competitors, which will help in observation how the industry is changing, to be modern and competitive in the workplace. Psychological contract is a mutual obligation of employees and employers, this obligation can include promises and expectation from both parties of the contract. Over the years Psychological contract has changed dramatically due to changes in the economy. Psychological contract no longer gives job security, and mainly focuses on short term financial relationship (Atkinson, 2002). These changes put more responsibilities on employees and demand from them to be highly skilled, and marketable. Career planning is a part of career management which consist of activities which lead to achieving career goals, as well as finding their strength and weaknesses (Orpen 1994). Tasks are associated with exploring people’s interests and abilities; it also should include identifying new skills people want to develop. Career planning also involves drawing action plans and making sure the plans are realistic. Planning is one of the tasks which are compulsory to remain employed and competitive in employment market. Planning of career must include variety of strategies carried out in order for the individual to be successful. In order to develop a career plan individual have to go through four steps: self assessment which helps people identify their skills and qualities, research which is design to introduce individual to job from inside, decision making requires individual to choose one of the options available, and lastly taking actions such as looking for jobs as well as keeping in touch with the people in the field (Zigelstain, T). Each of these steps is design to help individual find his ideal career based on skills and attributes of individual. Research conducted by Orpen (1994) shows that the employees who plan and use different tactics are more successful in their careers even if the tactics do not work. The responsibility of managing and planning the careers for individuals lies between the employers and employees, mainly because employment is seen as a relationship between these two parties. It is very important that there are different tasks assign to this two parties in order for them to work effectively. Then again career management on the organization side helps empl oyee become more successful, encourages workers to identify what they want, it also support self-development (Barnet & Bradley 2007). Involvement of the organisation in career management brings confidence to an employee which makes them feel their careers are better. Taking in the account the fact that in today’s world people will frequently change jobs- as indicated by Bureau of Labour Statistics 64% of individuals change job between 5 to 14 times in their life (Loretto 2010)- responsibility of managing career is principally placed on the individuals themselves. In the conclusion it is vital to saying that the career management and planning is very important in individuals’ career. Tasks associated with planning and managing help people to uncover their skills and attributes which then can be used in their career. Managing careers is broadly responsibility of employees, but in order for the employees to take the right steps in managing the career help from employers in form of various activities is needed. If the help from the organizations is not significant there will be only little progress made in managing the careers (Newell 2000). At the same time due to changes in economy and organizations themselves people have to take control in planning and managing their careers on their own in order to make career effective and gain benefits as well as satisfaction from work and personal life. Without participation in the tasks associated with planning and managing careers individuals will find it very difficult to find the precise occupation in which they will feel comfortable. Concurrently share responsibility of career management improves performance as well as increases benefit for organization and individuals. There will be help available from your employer in managing and planning career but before individual or graduates get job they should take control of their career and life.

Microbiology Unknown Lab Report Essays

Microbiology Unknown Lab Report Essays Microbiology Unknown Lab Report Paper Microbiology Unknown Lab Report Paper Preparing for class Day I Read in your lab manual about the following agar mediums: Blood Agar (pug 168), EMBED Agar (pug 170), Imitation Salt Agar 172)), McCracken Agar (pug 174), ND PEA Agar (pug 176) to answer the following: 1. What does the blood agar select for? Blood agar allows distinction among bacteria based on their ability to else red blood cells (hemolytic activity). 2. What color is the blood agar? Blood red color. 3. What are the 3 types of blood agar results and how can you recognize them? Beta hemolytic, which is the complete lysine of red blood cells and hemoglobin. This results in complete clearing tooth blood around the colonies. Alpha hemolytic refers to the partial lysine of red blood cells and hemoglobin, This results in a greenish-grey disconsolation tot the blood around the colonies. Employees, sometimes called gamma hemolytic results in no change in the medium. 3. What color is the EMBED agar? Dark blue colonies with green metallic sheen or pink. 4, What does the EMBED agar select for? Cram-negative bacteria. 5. What bacteria can easily be differentiated on EMBED agar? Gram-positive. How is it recognized? It contains the dyes eosin and methyl blue, which inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria. 6. What color is the Imitation Salt Agar (MS)? Yellow color change in surrounding media. 7. What does the MS agar select for? It contains 7. 5% sodium chloride, which selects for organisms that re halogenated. 8. Which bacteria (that we have learned about in lecture) can be seen on MS agar? The organism Staphylococcus erasures. How can it be recognized? Capable Of imitation fermentation, signified by the color change in the surrounding media. 9. What color is McCracken Agar? Neutral red, and produce a pink color. 10. What does the McCracken agar select for? Gram. Negative bacteria. 11. What color is PEA agar? Small transparent colonies 12. What does the PEA agar select for? Isolation of obligate anaerobic bacteria. Class day 1 14 We will be setting up the Selective/Differential Media plates for each group s follows: Each group will have one bacteria sample and will do streak plates on each of the 3 agar plates (EMBED, PEA and McCracken). Label the bottom of the plate with your culture name. Invert your plates and stack them in the ICC incubator. Take care with your technique because each groups plates will be shared with every group in the class. IS Each group will have 2 MS plates, Divide them in half and place the following samples on these plates: Nasal swab S. Epidermises S. erasures Vomits We Will use sterile cotton swabs for the nasal sample and vomits sample. Use your loop for the culture samples. Label your plates, invert them and stack them in the ICC incubator. 16. Each group will have a Blood Agar plate. Swab the back one students throat (sterile cotton swab) and transfer the sample using streak plating method to the blood agar plate. Class day 2: Look at the results of your different media plates. 17. In the space below, diagram your plate results. Label plates and color where appropriate, EMBED PEA MAC Blood MS 18 Pill in the following charts to help organize this information: Selects for. Important Bacteria among bacteria as to I hemolytic activity interconnect greenish/gray hue around I Differentiate by I Blood Agar I Color of agar Distinguishes I Clear zone around the I Streptococci and their ability to else Orbs. Bacteria, or I Embargo Distinguishes bacteria that ferment I Dark blue colonies with II. Oil and I Gram-negative bacteria lactose and or sucrose and those that green metallic sheen or organisms Did not. Pink. Imaginary For organisms that are I Isolates for imitation fermentation I Yellow color change in I Staphylococcus erasures I I I surrounding media, land Staphylococcus I Epidermises I halogenated. I McCracken Agar I Gram- negative bacteria. I Distinguished from lactose fermented Neutral red, and Interrogated arrogates, I produce a pink color land E. Coli, Epigram I bacteria or not I Isolation of obligate anaerobic I Distinguished from gram-negative and I transparent E. Oil and I bacteria I Staphylococcus erasures gram-positive bacteria. YOU WILL BE RESPONSE ABLE FOR THE FOLLOWING: o EMBED -? E. Coli recognition o Imitation Salt Stash recognition o Blood Agar Beta/Gamma hemolytic o PEA Gram (4) recognition o McCracken Gram G) recognition 19. Match the following plates with the above recognitions: [pick [pick] [pick [pick] [pick] A. McCracken Gram (-) recognition. 8. Blood Agar -Beta/Gamma hemolytic. Coli recognition. D. Imitation Salt Stash recognition. C. EMBED-E E. PEA Gram (+) recognition. Label-Medicaid Microbiology-Apart Tests for the Identification of Bacteria, Spasms Preparing for class Day 1 Read in your lab manual the following tests: Catalane Test (pug I SO), Oxides Test (pug 152), Coagulate Test (pug 166) to answer the following: 1. What do you remember (from lecture) about catalane? It is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen. 2. What is this enzyme involved in (from What we learned in lecture)? It catalysts the decomposition Of hydrogen peroxide o water and oxygen. 3. What does the Catalane Test test for? Is primarily used to distinguish among Gram-positive Cisco. 4. What does a positive Catalane Test result look like? Notable bubbling. What does a negative result look like? No bubbling. 5. What does the Oxides Test test for? To determine if bacteria have stockroom oxides, a participant in electron transport during respiration. 6. What is this enzyme involved in? Identification of bacterial strains: it determines whether a given bacterium produces stockroom oxides (and therefore utilizes oxygen with an electron transfer chain). 7. What does a positive Oxides Test result look like? Ill result in a color change to pink, through maroon and into black, within 10-30 seconds. What does a negative result look like? Will result in a light-pink or absence of coloration. 8, What does the Coagulate Test for? Pathogenic and non-pathogenic staphylococci. 9. What is this enzyme involved in? Staphylococcus erasures 10, Why is coagulate important to bacteria? Because of their ability to cause blood p lasma to clot 11. What does a coagulate positive result look like? Indicating by gelling of the plasma, which remains in place even after inverting the tube. What does a negative result look like? It flows when inverter 12. What bacteria are important in reference to the coagulate test? Staphylococcus erasures and Stash. Epidermis will demonstrate the Catalane, Oxides, and Coagulate tests. 13. On the box below, diagram the results Of the Catalane Test: Label results 14. In the box below, diagram the results of the Oxides Test. Label and use color where appropriate. IS In the box below, diagram the results of the Coagulate Test. Label and color where appropriate. 16. Fill in the following charts to help organize this information. Purpose Negative result Involved in I Positive Result I I Catalane Test TIT detect the presence tot I Quickly breakdown H2O into water and Bubbling I catalane, an enzyme that degrades 102 hydrogen peroxide I No Bubbling I I Oxides Test I Collects electrons and facilitates I Purple, maroon and into I Light pink or absent To determine if bacteria have I their addition to molecular 02 and black color color H2O during I respiration stockroom oxides, a participant I with to form line electron transport Coagulate Test TIT distinguish between pathogenic I Activates a pathway that converts I Gelling of the plasma, I Flows when inverted I and non-pathogenic staphylococci, forefinger in blood plasma into I remains in place even base on blood plasma clotting I fibrin, the protein thread sticks I after inverting the tube I forming clots Karen Hogan Label-Medical Microbiology part-3-Two Additional Tests for Identification of Bacteria: Latex Agglutination Test and Underwrote II Test Preparing tort class Day I Read the L atex Agglutination Test information provided and answer the following I. What does agglutination mean? Clumping of bacteria or red cells when held together by antibodies. 2. Since we are in microbiology are cooking for the clumping Of Epitomes found on the surface Of Antigen that Will bind to specific Antibody that were made by Immune system(B cells). 3. What Will a positive result look like? Clumping. 4. What will a negative result look like? Dilute liquid no clumping. Latex Agglutination Test The latex agglutination test is a laboratory method to check for certain antigens in a variety of bodily fluids including saliva, urine, cerebrations fluid, or blood. The sample is mixed with latex beads coated with a specific antibody. Fifth suspected substance is present (the specific antigen), the latex heads (with the pacific antibody) will clump together with the antigen (agglutinate). Antigen Antibody attached to beads in liquid When the antigen shape matches the antibody shape, they will bind to each other and the cells/antibody/antigen will clump together (as below). Notice how the dark spots are clumping in the liquid. When the antigen shape does not match the antibody shape, they will not bind to each other (see below). Notice that there are no clumps in the liquid. Procedure a) Place a drop of the Latex Control liquid in one of the circles on the test card. The Latex Control liquid will have the liquid contain the latex beads with no antibodies attached. B) Aseptically remove a colony from an agar plate and place it on the circle with the Control liquid. ) With the sterile loop, mix the liquid with the colony, d) Place a drop of the Latex Test liquid in the second circle on the test card The Latex Test liquid will have the liquid with antibodies for a specific microbe (in our class, the antigen is for Stash erasures) attached to the latex beads. E) Asepticall y remove a colony from an agar plate and place it in a second circle marked on the test card. F) With the sterile loop, mix the liquid with the colony. G) Compare the mixtures of the two colonies. 5. In the space below, diagram the results Of the Agglutination Test. Use color Preparing for class Day I Read the Underwrote II System information provided and answer the following: 1. What types of bacteria will the Underwrote II Test identity? E coli. 2. What information will the Underwrote II Test give us? ID gram-Eng, glucose fermenting, oases-negative intercontinental. The Underwrote II System The basic philosophy of the Underwrote II System is the speed, ease and low cost in the identification Of gram negative, glucose fermenting oxides-negative Intercontinental. The Underwrote II System consists of a single tube containing 2 compartment, each containing a different agar culture medium. There are compartments that require aerobic conditions and have small openings that allow air in; those compartments that require anaerobic conditions have a layer of paraffin wax on the top of the media. There is a self- enclosed inoculating needle or wire that runs through the center of the tube. The end of the needle can touch an isolated bacterial colony and then in one movement can he drawn through the 12 compartments so that every compartment is inoculated. [pick] After 18-24 hours of incubation, the color changes that occur in each of the impairments are recorded and interpreted according to the manufacturers instructions, The interpretation is done by determining a five-digit code from the results and then consulting a coding manual. [pick] Inoculating the tube: a. Remove the caps from both ends of the Underwrote. The tip of the wire is sterile and does not need to be flamed. B. Touch a well-isolated colony from an agar plate with the tip of the wire. C. Inoculate the Underwrote with the bacterial culture by drawing, and at the same time rotating, the wire through the 12 compartments. D. Push the ever back through the Underwrote so that the 12 hammers are re-inoculated. E. Withdraw the Wire once again until the tip is in the HAS/indolence compartment and then break the wire at the notch by bending back and forth. F. Replace the caps but do not tighten. Losing the Wire remnant, punch holes in the compartments that need to grow aerobically. G. Incubate the Underwrote for 18-24 hours at ICC. Interpreting the tube: a. After 18-24 hours of incubation, examine the Underwrote and notice the color changes that have occurred in each compartment. B. SE the color code chart provided in class to determine positive and negative results. C. Record both costive and negative results on the small worksheet provided during lab, d, We will skip the Indolence testing and the compartment labeled UP. E. Determine the five-digit identification number: 1. U se only the tests that are positive. Add the numbers under the results within each test section. 2. Enter the sum of the positive tests for each test section in the square labeled ID value. F. Determine the identity four enteric unknown by comparing the five- digit identification number with the Underwrote II Interpretation Guide (manual provided during lab), bacteria.

Master a Seasonal Essay, the Holiday Way

Master a Seasonal Essay, the Holiday Way Master a Seasonal Essay, the Holiday Way Proofread as You Go When writing anything, it is important to check work as you go. Many writers do not check for errors until the very end of an essay; this can be problematic. Its a lot less effort to check for errors as you write. Having a second pair of eyes is always useful; professional writing services can check your work and help you make improvements. Be Sensible If you aim to make your writing â€Å"visual,† you must be descriptive. Unless youre adding pictures to the text, the reader can only experience an essay through your words. Before writing, take in the scene of a holiday greeting card, or write in a festive setting. Incorporate details regarding how the holiday smells, feels, tastes, and looks. Use a variety of senses to convey your images and meaning. Know Your Audience Just as businesses do market research, a writer ought to know his/her audience. What reading level is the audience? What’s their geographical location? Keep the audience in mind as you write. If It Sounds Right, Write! Reading your essay aloud throughout the process. Though a phrase may be grammatically correct, the phrasing could be awkward. Awkward phrasing is distracting to the reader, especially in an essay attempting to convey the spirit or energy of the holiday season. Think Big, and Add a Touch of You It can be easy to get discouraged when writing; most people do. Try allowing yourself to â€Å"dream big† when it comes to your essay. Push yourself to write 1000 words, and then push beyond that. Think up imaginative topics, and make it you by adding a personal touch. Are you funny? Add humour. Are you sad? Talk about how people get blue during the holidays. Your feelings and thoughts make the essay stronger. Every voice is different and valuable. Keep working on your writing, and seek the help of a professional writing service when you hit a stumbling block. Call toll-free throughout Canada at 1-800-573-0840.

Please briefly elaborate on one of your extracurricular activities or Essay - 2

Please briefly elaborate on one of your extracurricular activities or work experiences in the space below (1000 character maximum) - Essay Example Initially, I was afraid that using the video editor software can become difficult for me as I had no prior experience of using it. However, this feeling quickly went away just when we performed the first scene. I felt as if I had worked with the software before because everything came to me very easily and quickly. In the end, I would say that the project not only introduced me to a potential field of work but also helped me develop an interesting hobby. Video games are not only a form of entertainment for me but also a rite of passage of sorts. One Saturday afternoon, when my friends and I were playing a computer game called Minecraft, we thought to create our own private server where we could have an entire world for us to play around in. This new and exciting idea became a passion for us as we started creating new worlds with marvelous new features. The idea had its fair share of challenges. For example, there were a number of coding errors to be fixed in the server software. After 6 hours of hard work and determination, my friends and I made the best server possible. Now, my friends and I play on our server with no coding issue. What started as nothing more than an idea for us has became a reality and it all has happened due to our understanding of modern technology, imagination, and an appreciation of software and its endless majesty. In the end, I would say that private server creation has become a hobby of mine and I have bec ome expert in creating efficient servers with innovative

Civil Engineering Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Civil Engineering - Research Paper Example Civil engineering is one of the best professions because it gives assurance of a good career ahead with enormous opportunities for growth and service to society because a civil engineer works for the improvement of facilities and services provided to people in the form of infrastructure and comfort of living. Taking up civil engineering as a profession offers unlimited creativity, a good career growth, and mental satisfaction because of the opportunity to serve the people.Civil engineering is a very vast field and thus provides a number of options for professional growth. Starting from studying the feasibility of a project the next job of the civil engineer is to plan the execution of the project. The next stage is the design of the project which is a very critical phase of the project and design requires the engineers to have a strong command over the technical skills related to structural and geotechnical engineering. After that, the contract process starts and there is an extensiv e involvement of legal proceedings. The construction phase of the project is the stage where the real execution of ideas is carried out and the designs are realized on a ground surface. The job of civil engineer does not end here, the maintenance of the structures, the waste management and provision of access to the structure are also the responsibilities of a civil engineer. Therefore civil engineering as a profession offers a wide range of opportunities and a person can select the field which suits his abilities and aptitude.